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Voting in Switzerland (called votation) is the process by which Swiss citizens make decisions about governance and elect officials. The polling stations are opened on Sunday mornings but most people vote by post in advance (''Abstimmungssonntag'' in German); at noon on that day, voting ends and the results are usually known at the end of the afternoon. Switzerland's voting system is unique among modern democratic nations in that Switzerland practices direct democracy in parallel with representative democracy. That's why the Swiss system is called semi-direct democracy.〔Pierre Cormon, ''(Swiss Politics for Complete Beginners )'', Editions Slatkine, 2014, ISBN 978-2-8321-0607-5, p. 22〕 Direct democracy allows any citizen may challenge any law approved by the parliament or, at any time, propose a modification of the federal Constitution. In addition, in most cantons all votes are cast using paper ballots that are manually counted. At the federal level, voting can be organised for: * Elections (election of the Federal Assembly) * Mandatory referendums (votation on a modification of the constitution made by the Federal Assembly) * Optional referendums (referendum on a law accepted by the Federal Assembly and that collected 50'000 signatures of opponents) * Federal popular initiatives (votation on a modification of the constitution made by citizens and that collected 100'000 signatures of supporters) Approximately four times a year, voting occurs over various issues; these include both initiatives and referendums, where policies are directly voted on by people, and elections, where the populace votes for officials. Federal, cantonal and municipal issues are polled simultaneously, and the majority of people cast their votes by mail. Between January 1995 and June 2005, Swiss citizens voted 31 times, to answer 103 questions (during the same period, French citizens participated in only two referendums).〔Vincent Golay and Mix et Remix, ''Swiss political institutions'', Éditions loisirs et pédagogie, 2008. ISBN 978-2-606-01295-3.〕 The most frequent themes are healthcare, taxes, welfare, drug policy, public transport, immigration, asylum and education.〔p. 24〕 Voter turnout in parliamentary elections saw a continuous decline since the 1970s, down to an all-time low of 42.2% in 1995.〔http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/17/02/blank/key/national_rat/wahlbeteiligung.html〕 In recent years however, voter participation has been slowly growing again and was at 48.5% in 2011.〔 The average turnout for referendums was at 49.2% in 2011.〔http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/17/03/blank/key/stimmbeteiligung.html〕 Federal popular initiatives of little public appeal sometimes cause participation of less than 30% of the electorate, but controversial issues such as a proposed abolition of the Swiss army or a possible accession of Switzerland into the European Union have seen turnouts over 60%. == Voting procedures == Voting can be done through hand counts, mail-in ballots, visits to polling booths, or, more recently, Internet votes. Until several years ago, some cantons punished citizens for not voting (with a fine equivalent to $3). In the canton of Schaffhausen, voting is still compulsory. This is the reason for the turnout there being usually a little higher than in the rest of the country. There are no voting machines in Switzerland; all votes are counted by hand. Every municipality randomly recruits a number of citizens who have the duty of counting the ballots, but penalties for disobeying this duty have become rare. However, after people sort the ballots (e.g. "yes" and "no"), then the total number of "yes" and "no" votes are counted either manually or, in bigger cities, by an automatic counter (like the ones used in banks to count banknotes); or the ballots are weighed by a precision balance. Vote counting is usually accomplished within five or six hours, but votes for parliamentary elections from the citizens of large cities (Zurich or Geneva for example) may take much longer. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Voting in Switzerland」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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